Note: Each course in the listings below is linked to its description. These lists contain all courses offered by the Department of Biological, Geological, and Enviromental Sciences (BGES) and include undergraduate Biology (100-level, 200-level, and 300 & 400-level), graduate Biology (500 & 600-level for Master's degree and 700 & 800-level for Doctoral degree), Environmental Science (undergraduate and Master's level), and Geology (undergraduate only) courses.

Effective Fall Semester, 2000, the course numbers of many BIO and GEO courses were changed; a conversion table that lists old and new course numbers can be seen by clicking here.

A symbol indicates that a recent syllabus for the course is posted and accessible via the course description

BIOLOGY Undergraduate Courses:

Note: The 100-level biology courses are intended primarily for non-science majors. Courses with "Human" in their title discuss biological principles using humans as the main illustrative example.

Courses approved for GenEd08: BIO 100, 102, 104, 106/107, 108/109; BIO 200/201; BIO 202/203; EVS 206; GEO 100/101; GEO 124; SCI 220; WAC 390/391
//Old GenEd:
BIO 107 may be combined with BIO 102, 104, 106, or 168 to partially satisfy the University's requirement for Natural Science with Laboratory.
BIO 109 may be combined with BIO 100, 108, 110, or 112 to partially satisfy the requirement for Natural Science with Laboratory. //

100-level Biology Courses

Course Code	Course Title	Credit Hours (lecture-lab-total)
BIO 100	The Living World (GenEd08)	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 102	Human Genetics, Reproduction and Development (GenEd08)	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 104	The Brain (GenEd08)	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 104H	Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 105H	Neuroscience Laboratory	0 - 4 - 2
BIO 106	Human Biology in Health and Disease (GenEd08)	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 107	Human Biology Laboratory (GenEd08)	1 - 2 - 2
BIO 108	Environmental Ecology (GenEd08)	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 109	Biological Diversity Laboratory (GenEd08)	1 - 2 - 2
BIO 110	Plants and Civilization	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 112	Biology of the Dinosaurs	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 130	Biology of Human Diversity	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 168	Biology of Aging	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 171	Summer Local Flora	2 - 4 - 4
BIO 173	Spring Local Flora	2 - 4 - 4
BIO 193	Special Topics in Biology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 194	Special Topics in Biology	4 - 0 - 4

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Note: Courses numbered 200 and above are intended primarily for Biology majors, Health Science majors, Nursing majors, and other science majors. Courses numbered 260 to 272 do not fulfill the requirements for any biology major, but they do fulfill requirements for the biology minor.

200-level Biology Courses

Course Code	Course Title	Credit Hours (lecture-lab-total)
BIO 200	Introductory Biology I (GenEd08)	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 201	Introductory Biology Laboratory I (GenEd08)	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 202	Introductory Biology II (GenEd08)	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 203	Introductory Biology Laboratory II (GenEd08)	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 260	Human Genetics	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 262	Introductory Pharmacology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 264	Introductory Microbiology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 265	Introductory Microbiology Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 266	Human Anatomy and Physiology I	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 267	Human Anatomy and Physiology I Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 268	Human Anatomy and Physiology II	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 269	Human Anatomy and Physiology II Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 270	Human Nutrition	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 272	Human Physiology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 281	Orientation to Pharmacy - CSU/UT program to be phased out	1 - 0 - 1
BIO 282	Introduction to Patient Care - CSU/UT program to be phased out	2 - 0 - 2
BIO 283	Functional Anatomy and Pathophysiology I - CSU/UT program to be phased out	4 - 0 - 4
BIO 284	Functional Anatomy and Pathophysiology II - CSU/UT program to be phased out	4 - 0 - 4
BIO 285	Pharmacy Colloqium - CSU/UT program to be phased out	1 - 0 - 1

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Note: All 300-level biology courses have prerequisites of 200-level courses. 300-level courses cover specific areas of biology in greater depth than they are covered in 200-level courses. With few exceptions 400-level biology courses have 300-level courses as prerequisites. 400-level courses cover a specific topic in great depth.

300- and 400-level Biology Courses

Course Code	Course Title	Credit Hours (lecture-lab-total)	Usual Time (F/S/Su; odd/even year; Evening)
BIO 300	Plant Biology	3 - 0 - 3	F
BIO 301	Plant Biology Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 302	Animal Biology	3 - 0 - 3	F: Eo
BIO 303	Animal Biology Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 304	Population Biology and Evolution	3 - 0 - 3	S: Ee
BIO 305	Population Biology and Evolution Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 306	Biochemistry and Molecular Biology	4 - 0 - 4	S:Suo:Ee
BIO 308	Cell Biology	3 - 0 - 3	F:Sue: Ee
BIO 309	Cell Biology Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 310	Genetics	3 - 0 - 3	S: Eo
BIO 311	Genetics Recitation	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 380	Biology Content for Middle School Teachers	3 - 4 - 5
BIO 390	Writing in Biology I (WAC)	2 - 0 - 2
BIO 391	Writing in Biology II (WAC)	1 - 0 - 1
BIO 400	Medical Technology Orientation	1 - 0 - 1
BIO 410	Theory and Practice of Light Microscopy	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 411	Theory and Practice of Light Microscopy Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 412	Elements of Immunology	3 - 0 - 3	F: Ee
BIO 413	Elements of Immunology Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 414	Parasitology	2 - 0 - 2	S
BIO 415	Parasitology Laboratory	0 - 4 - 2
BIO 416	Microbiology	3 - 0 - 3	F
BIO 417	Microbiology Laboratory	0 - 4 - 2
BIO 418	Histology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 419	Histology Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 420	Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy	2 - 0 - 2
BIO 421	Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Laboratory	0 - 4 - 2
BIO 422	Mammalian Physiology	3 - 0 - 3	So
BIO 423	Mammalian Physiology Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 424	Principles of Animal Physiology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 425	Principles of Animal Physiology Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 426	Neurobiology	3 - 0 - 3	Fe
BIO 427	Neurobiology Laboratory	0 - 4 - 2
BIO 428	Endocrinology	3 - 0 - 3	Fo
BIO 430	Bioinformatics	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 432	Molecular Genetics	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 434	Elements of Pharmacology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 435	Techniques in Molecular Biology	1 - 6 - 4	S
BIO 436	Evolutionary Genetics	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 438	Advanced Cell and Molecular Biology	3 - 0 - 3	So
BIO 450	Evolutionary Biology	3 - 0 - 3	So
BIO 452	Marine Ecology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 453	Field Experience in Ecology and Conservation Biology	variable: 1 to 6
BIO 454	Ecology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 455	Ecology Laboratory	0 - 4 - 2
BIO 456	Vertebrate Biology and Evolution	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 458	Behavior	3 - 0 - 3	Fo
BIO 460	Vertebrate Embryology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 462	Evolutionary Ecology of Sexual Reproduction	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 464	Developmental Biology	3 - 0 - 3	Se
BIO 465	Developmental Biology Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 468	Theories of Aging	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 471	Summer Local Flora	2 - 4 - 4
BIO 472	Wetland Ecology	3 - 2- 4	Fo
BIO 473	Spring Local Flora	2 - 4 - 4
BIO 474	Stream Ecology	3 - 2 - 4
BIO 476	Plant Biochemistry	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 477	Plant Biochemistry Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 478	Morphology of Angiosperms	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 479	Morphology of Angiosperms Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 480	Developmental Plant Biology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 481	Developmental Plant Biology Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 490	Honors Research	variable: 1 or 2
BIO 491	Honors Thesis and Defense	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 492	Honors Seminar	1 - 0 - 1
BIO 493	Special Topics in Biology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 494	Special Topics in Biology	4 - 0 - 4
BIO 495	Seminar (BIO Capstone)	1 - 0 - 1
BIO 496	Independent Study in Biology	0 - 4 - 2
BIO 497	Independent Study in Biology	0 - 8 - 4
BIO 499	Exit Evaluation	0 - 1 - 0

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BIOLOGY Graduate Courses:

Note: Courses numbered 500-600 are for students seeking the M.S. degree. Courses numbered 700-800 are for students seeking the Ph.D. degree who already have an M.S. degree or equivalent credit hours. Students enrolled in 700-800 courses are expected to make more substantial contributions to papers, presentations, projects, etc., and will be graded more stringently than students in 500-600 versions.

Biology Graduate Courses

Course Code	Course Title	Credit Hours (lecture-lab-total)	Usual Time (F/S/Su; odd/even year; Evening)
BIO 500 / 700	Graduate Orientation	1 - 0 - 1	F
BIO 502 / 702	Graduate Orientation	1 - 0 - 1	S
BIO 504 / 704	Biological Chemistry	3 - 0 - 3	F
BIO 506 / 706	Computer Applications in Biology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 510 / 710	Practice and Theory of Light Microscopy	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 511 / 711	Practice and Theory of Light Microscopy Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 512 / 712	Immunology	3 - 0 - 3	F: Ee
BIO 513 / 713	Immunology Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 514 / 714	Parasitology	2 - 0 - 2
BIO 515 / 715	Parasitology Laboratory	0 - 4 - 2
BIO 516 / 716	Microbiology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 517 / 717	Microbiology Laboratory	0 - 4 - 2
BIO 518 / 718	Histology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 519 / 719	Histology Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 520	Explorations in Biology: Inquiry-Based Investigations of Urban Ecosystems	1 - 2 - 2
BIO 522 / 722	Mammalian Physiology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 522 / 722	Mammalian Physiology Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 526 / 726	Neurobiology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 527 / 727	Neurobiology Laboratory	0 - 4 - 2
BIO 528 / 728	Endocrinology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 530 / 730	Bioinformatics	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 534 / 734	Elements of Pharmacology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 535 / 735	Techniques in Molecular Biology	1 - 6 - 4
BIO 536 / 736	Evolutionary Genetics	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 538	Clinical Genetics	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 540 / 740	Biostatistics	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 542 / 742	Morphometrics	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 550 / 750	Evolutionary Biology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 552 / 752	Marine Ecology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 554 / 754	Ecology	2 - 0 - 2
BIO 555 / 755	Ecology Laboratory	0 - 4 - 2
BIO 558 / 758	Behavior	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 562 / 762	Evolutionary Ecology of Sexual Reproduction	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 564 / 764	Developmental Biology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 565 / 765	Developmental Biology Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 570 / 770	Protozoology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 571 / 771	Protozoology Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 572 / 772	Wetland Ecology	3 - 2- 4
BIO 574 / 774	Stream Ecology	3 - 2 - 4
BIO 576 / 776	Plant Biochemistry	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 577 / 777	Plant Biochemistry Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 578 / 778	Morphology of Angiosperms	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 579 / 779	Morphology of Angiosperms Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
BIO 580	Biology Content for Middle School Teachers	3 - 4 - 5
BIO 584 / 784	Writing and Editing Grant Proposals	1 - 0 - 1
BIO 588	Museum Studies for Natural Historians	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 593	Special Topics in Biology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 594	Special Topics in Biology	4 - 0 - 4
BIO 595	Environmental Seminar	1 - 0 - 1
BIO 596	Independent Study in Biology	0 - 4 - 2
BIO 597	Independent Study in Biology	0 - 8 - 4
BIO 602 / 802	Enzymology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 604 / 804	Cell Biology	3 - 0 - 3	F
BIO 606 / 806	Pharmacology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 608 /808	Pharmacodynamics	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 610 / 810	Molecular Biology and Genetics	3 - 0 - 3	S
BIO 612 / 812	Microbial Physiology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 616 / 816	Proliferative Signal Transduction	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 622 / 822	Advanced Vertebrate Physiology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 624 / 824	Foundations of Biomedical Physiology	3 - 0 - 3	S
BIO 630 / 830	Recombinant DNA Techniques	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 632 / 832	Population Genetics	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 634 / 834	Developmental Genetics	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 638 / 838	Advances in Cell Biology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 640 / 840	Molecular Evolutionary Genetics	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 651 / 851	Advanced Research in Field Biology	0 - 6 - 3
BIO 653 / 853	Advanced Research in Field Biology	0 - 8 - 4
BIO 656 / 856	Environmental Physiology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 670 / 870	Advances in Biology	2 - 0 - 2
BIO 672 / 872	Advances in Molecular Biology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 674 / 874	Advances in Ecology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 676 / 876	Advances in Physiology	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 678 / 878	Advances in Evolution	3 - 0 - 3
BIO 684 / 884	Research Seminar	1 - 0 - 1
BIO 688	Graduate Seminar (M.S.)	1 - 0 - 1
BIO 690	Qualifying Examination (M.S.)	1 - 0 - 1
BIO 691	Laboratory Research (M.S.)	variable: 1 to10
BIO 693	Graduate Project (M.S.)	0 - 4 - 2
BIO 694	Graduate Project (M.S.)	0 - 6 - 3
BIO 695	Research (M.S.)	variable: 1 to10
BIO 888	Ph.D. Seminar	1 - 0 - 1
BIO 891	Laboratory Research (Ph.D.)	variable: 1 to10
BIO 895	Ph.D. Research	variable: 1 to10

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Courses (undergraduate & graduate):

Environmental Science Courses

Course Code	Course Title	Credit Hours (lecture-lab-total)	Usual Time (F/S/Su; odd/even year; Evening)
EVS 206	Introduction to Environmental Science (GenEd08)	4 - 0 - 4
EVS 300	Physical Features of Ecosystems	3 - 0 - 3
EVS 301	Physical Features of Ecosystems Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
EVS 302	Biological Features of Ecosystems	3 - 0 - 3
EVS 303	Biological Features of Ecosystems Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
EVS 380	Earth System Science for Middle School Teachers	3 - 4 - 5
EVS 450	Applied Ecology	3 - 0 - 3
EVS 454	Conservation Biology	3 - 0 - 3
EVS 455	Conservation Biology Laboratory	0 - 4 - 2
EVS 470	Aquatic Ecosystems	3 - 0 - 3	Fe
EVS 471	Aquatic Ecosystems Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
EVS 472	Introduction to Watersheds of Northeast Ohio	2 - 0 - 2
EVS 473	Introduction to Watersheds of Northeast Ohio Laboratory	0 - 4 - 2
EVS 490	Internship in Environmental Science	0 - 8 - 4
EVS 493	Topics in Environmental Science	3 - 0 - 3
EVS 494	Topics in Environmental Science	4 - 0 - 4
EVS 496	Independent Study in Environmental Science	0 - 8 - 4
EVS 497	Research in Environmental Science	0 - 8 - 4
EVS 499	Exit Evaluation	0 - 1 - 0
EVS 506	Ecosystem Science	3 - 0 - 3
EVS 510	Environmental Geology for Teachers	3 - 0 - 3
EVS 512	Geological History of the Cleveland Area for Teachers	3 - 0 - 3
EVS 514	Ecosystem Science for Teachers	3 - 0 - 3
EVS 520	Rivers and Watersheds of Northeast Ohio	2 - 0 - 2
EVS 521	Rivers and Watersheds Laboratory	0 - 4 - 2
EVS 523	Map Interpretation and the Visualization of Space	1 - 4 - 3
EVS 525	Introduction to GIS and Remote Sensing	2 - 4 - 4
EVS 527	Advanced Topics in Remote Sensing and GIS	1 - 6 - 4
EVS 550	Applied Ecology	3 - 0 - 3
EVS 560	Geomorphology	3 - 2 - 4
EVS 570	Aquatic Ecosystems	3 - 0 - 3
EVS 571	Aquatic Ecosystems Laboratory	0 - 2 - 1
EVS 580	Earth System Science for Middle School Teachers	3 - 4 - 5
EVS 581	Prerequisite Courses in Remote Sensing via OhioView Consortium	1 to 4
EVS 582	Introductory Courses in Remote Sensing via OhioView Consortium	1 to 4
EVS 585	Advanced Courses in Remote Sensing via OhioView Consortium	1 to 4
EVS 588	Research Courses in Remote Sensing via OhioView Consortium	1 to 4
EVS 593	Topics in Environmental Science	3 - 0 - 3
EVS 594	Topics in Environmental Science	4 - 0 - 4
EVS 596	Independent Study in Environmental Science	0 - 4 - 2
EVS 597	Independent Study in Environmental Science	0 - 8 - 4
EVS 680	Issues in Environmental Science	3 - 0 - 3
EVS 691	M.S. Research in Environmental Science	variable: 1 to 12
EVS 695	M.S. Thesis Research in Environmental Science	variable: 1 to12

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GEOLOGY Courses:

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Course Descriptions:

Note: The 100-level biology courses are intended primarily for non-science majors. Courses with "Human" in their titles discuss biological principles using humans as the main illustrative example.
BIO 107 may be combined with BIO 102, 104, 106, or 168 to partially satisfy the University's requirement for Natural Science with Laboratory.
BIO 109 may be combined with BIO 100, 108, 110, or 112 to partially satisfy the requirement for Natural Science with Laboratory.

BIO 100 The Living World (3-0-3). An introduction to the biology of all major groups of living things, including microbial, unicellular, and parasitic organisms, as well as multicellular plants, animals and fungi. The fundamental concepts of evolutionary and functional biology will be introduced through a systematic survey of the varieties of life. Natural Science. BIO 109 may be combined with BIO 100 to partially satisfy the requirement for Natural Science with Laboratory.

BIO 102 Human Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (3-0-3). Genetics and development of humans including application of genetic technology to humans. Natural Science. BIO 107 may be combined with BIO 102 to partially satisfy the requirement for Natural Science with Laboratory.

BIO 104 The Brain (3-0-3). Introduction to the nervous system and the brain. Discussion of the function of brain cells, sensory systems, motor systems and higher functioning in mammalian systems. Normal and abnormal functions of the human brain are emphasized. Natural Science. BIO 107 may be combined with BIO 104 to partially satisfy the requirement for Natural Science with Laboratory.

BIO 104H Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain (3-0-3). Prerequisite: Honors degree status or permission of instructor. Corequisite: BIO 105H
Exploring the Brain will survey the organization and function of the mammalian brain, emphasizing the human brain when possible. The nervous system is analyzed throughout a range of levels, from the molecular basis of neuronal functioning to the system levels that govern behaviorand cognition. The course will emphasize fundamental principles of neural functioning and the experimental methods by which that information is obtained. Natural Science.

BIO 105H Neuroscience Laboratory (0-4-2). Prerequisite: Honors degree status or permission of instructor. Corequisite: BIO 104H
Selected experiments to reinforce concepts covered in BIO 104H. Exercises range from the classic demonstration of the ionic basis of the action potential to psychophysical experiments. Natural Science Laboratory.

BIO 106 Human Biology in Health and Disease (3-0-3). Introduction to biological principles. Discussion of cell structure, cell function, and physiology of digestion, circulation, excretion, and coordination in normal and disease states. Natural Science. BIO 107 may be combined with BIO 106 to partially satisfy the requirement for Natural Science with Laboratory.

BIO 107 Human Biology Laboratory (1-2-2). Laboratory study of diverse aspects of human biology. Topics include cell structure and function, human anatomy, physiology, disease, genetics, reproduction, development, and aging. Natural Science with Laboratory.

BIO 108 Environmental Ecology (3-0-3). Concepts of ecology as they relate to environmental problems in today's world. Natural Science. BIO 109 may be combined with BIO 108 to partially satisfy the requirement for Natural Science with Laboratory.

BIO 109 Biological Diversity Laboratory (1-2-2). Laboratory study of past and present biological diversity, the importance and value of diversity, and the threats posed by human populations to the maintenance of biological diversity. Natural Science with Laboratory.

BIO 110 Plants and Civilization (3-0-3). The nature and uses of plants; the effects of plants on civilization and vice versa. Natural Science. BIO 109 may be combined with BIO 110 to partially satisfy the requirement for Natural Science with Laboratory.

BIO 112 Biology of the Dinosaurs (3-0-3). Dinosaurs are used to illustrate fundamental concepts of biology. Topics to be discussed will include methods of classification, evolutionary mechanisms including extinction, the process of fossilization, a survey of major dinosaur groups, and biological principles of biomechanics, physiology, and behavior. Current theories and controversies concerning dinosaur biology will be evaluated. One or two class meetings will be held at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Natural Science. BIO 109 may be combined with BIO 112 to partially satisfy the requirement for Natural Science with Laboratory.

BIO 130 Biology of Human Diversity (3-0-3). Prerequisite: Completion of General Education requirements in the areas of English Composition and of Mathematics and Logic.
The purpose of this course is to provide a scientific consideration of the validity of the concept of human races. Sufficient background information in biology will be introduced to cover the essential ideas involved in measuring human biological diversity. All students must write an 8-12 page research paper on some scientific aspect of human biological variation. Natural Science.

BIO 168 Biology of Aging (3-0-3). The various biological theories of aging, together with a review of the fundamental concepts of cell biology and physiology on which these concepts are based. Natural Science. BIO 107 may be combined with BIO 168 to partially satisfy the requirement for Natural Science with Laboratory.

BIO 171 Summer Local Flora (2-4-4). Study and identification of representative species, genera, and families of mainly local vascular plants found in summer. Lecture, laboratory, and field work. Natural Science with Laboratory.

BIO 173 Spring Local Flora (2-4-4). Study and identification of representative species, genera, and families of mainly local vascular plants found in spring. Lecture, laboratory, and field work. Natural Science with Laboratory.

BIO 193 Special Topics in Biology (3-0-3). Study of a particular topic in biology. Topics to be announced in the course schedule each semester. May be repeated for credit with change of topic.

BIO 194 Special Topics in Biology (4-0-4). Study of a particular topic in biology. Topics to be announced in the course schedule each semester. May be repeated for credit with change of topic.

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Note: Courses numbered 200 and above are intended primarily for Biology majors, Health Science majors, Nursing majors, and other science majors. Courses numbered 260 to 272 do not fulfill the requirements for any Biology major, but may be used for the Biology minor.

BIO 200 Introductory Biology I (3-0-3). Corequisite: BIO 201. An introduction to modern biology covering basic principles of molecular and cell biology, immunity, genetics, evolution, and biological classification. Natural Science.

BIO 201 Introductory Biology Laboratory I (0-2-1). Corequisite: BIO 200. Selected exercises designed to reinforce concepts covered in BIO 200. Natural Science Laboratory.

BIO 202 Introductory Biology II (3-0-3). Recommended prerequisite: BIO 200. Corequisite: BIO 203. An introduction to modern biology including a survey of biological diversity, anatomy and physiology of plants and animals, principles of ecology, and human impact on ecosystems. Natural Science.

BIO 203 Introductory Biology Laboratory II (0-2-1). Corequisite: BIO 202. Selected exercises designed to reinforce concepts covered in BIO 202. Natural Science Laboratory.

BIO 260 Human Genetics (3-0-3). Prerequisite: BIO 200. Discussion of basic Mendelian and biochemical genetics with emphasis on chromosomal and molecular disorders.

BIO 262 Introductory Pharmacology (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 266 and BIO 268. The mechanism of action of various addictive, prescription, and over-the-counter drugs and their effects on the nervous, cardiovascular, and excretory systems. Antibiotics and antineoplastic drugs also will be discussed.

BIO 264 Introductory Microbiology(3-0-3). Prerequisite: Upper-level high school biology or BI0 106. Corequisite: BIO 265. Principles of microbiology, and immunology, including pathogenic microorganisms, and viruses. Natural Science.

BIO 265 Introductory Microbiology Laboratory (0-2-1). Corequisite: BIO 264. Selected exercises designed to reinforce concepts covered in BIO 264. Natural Science Laboratory.

BIO 266 Human Anatomy and Physiology I (3-0-3). Prerequisite: Upper-level high school biology, or BIO 106, or HED 210. Corequisite: BIO 267. Systems approach to human anatomy and physiology. Natural Science.

BIO 267 Human Anatomy and Physiology I Laboratory (0-2-1). Corequisite: BIO 266. Selected exercises designed to reinforce concepts covered in BIO 266. Natural Science Laboratory.

BIO 268 Human Anatomy and Physiology II (3-0-3). Prerequisite: BIO 266. Corequisite BIO 269. Continuation of BIO 266. Systems approach to human anatomy and physiology. Natural Science.

BIO 269 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Laboratory (0-2-1). Corequisite: BIO 268. Selected exercises designed to reinforce concepts covered in BIO 268. Natural Science Laboratory.

BIO 270 Human Nutrition (3-0-3). Prerequisite: BIO 106, or BIO 200, or BIO 268. An introduction to human nutrition, including nutritional requirements throughout life, nutrient value, metabolic requirements, nutrition and disease, malnutrition and undernourishment, dieting supplements, and dietary fads.

BIO 272 Human Physiology (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 268 and CHM 251. Advanced undergraduate study of human organ physiology, with emphasis on homeostasis, along with nervous and hormonal regulation of various organ systems. Considerations of cellular and molecular interactions emphasized.

BIO 281 Orientation to Pharmacy (1-0-1). Prerequisite: admission to CSU-UT Pharmacy Partnership Program. Lectures and small group discussions include University, Freshman Orientation, FYI subjects, plus introductory elements of Pharmacy professional culture. Distance-learning version of University of Toledo course PHPR-1000. This course is for students in the CSU-UT Pharmacy Partnership Program. Contact the program advisor (216-875-9791) for details.

BIO 282 Introduction to Patient Care (2-0-2). Prerequisite: admission to CSU-UT Pharmacy Partnership Program. Corequisite: BIO 283. Introduction to the primary dimensions of the profession of pharmacy, with an emphasis on the pharmacist's responsibility to assure that drug delivery is used appropriately to improve patient outcomes. Distance-learning version of University of Toledo course PHPR-2010. This course is for students in the CSU-UT Pharmacy Partnership Program. Contact the program advisor (216-875-9791) for details.

BIO 283 Functional Anatomy and Pathophysiology I (4-0-4). Prerequisites: BIO 200/202, BIO 202/203, CHM 261/266, CHM 262/267, and admission to CSU-UT Pharmacy Partnership Program. Corequisite: BIO 282. A study of functional anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology to serve as background for the understanding of the action of drugs. Distance-learning version of University of Toledo course PHCL-2600. This course is for students in the CSU-UT Pharmacy Partnership Program. Contact the program advisor (216-875-9791) for details.

BIO 284 Functional Anatomy and Pathophysiology II (4-0-4). Prerequisite: BIO 283 and admission to CSU-UT Pharmacy Partnership Program. A study of functional anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology to serve as background for the understanding of the action of drugs. A continuation of BIO 283. Distance-learning version of University of Toledo course PHCL-2600. This course is for students in the CSU-UT Pharmacy Partnership Program. Contact the program advisor (216-875-9791) for details.

BIO 285 Pharmacy Colloqium (1-0-1). Prerequisite: permission of Pharmacy Partnership advisor. This seminar course will feature invited speakers, CSU and University of Toledo faculty, presenting topics related to the practice, science and business of pharmacy. This course is for students in the CSU-UT Pharmacy Partnership. Contact the program advisor (216-875-9791) for details.

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BIO 300 Plant Biology (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 200 and BIO 202. Corequisite: BIO 301. Plant diversity, structure, function, and evolution.

BIO 301 Plant Biology Laboratory (0-2-1). Corequisite: BIO 300. Selected exercises designed to reinforce concepts covered in BIO 300.

BIO 302 Animal Biology (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 200 and BIO 202. Corequisite: BIO 303. Animal diversity, structure, function, and evolution.

BIO 303 Animal Biology Laboratory (0-2-1). Corequisite: BIO 302. Selected exercises designed to reinforce concepts covered in BIO 302.

BIO 304 Population Biology and Evolution (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 200 and BIO 202. Corequisite: BIO 305. Population genetics, evolutionary processes, population ecology, and biogeography.

BIO 305 Population Biology and Evolution Laboratory (0-2-1). Corequisite: BIO 304. Selected exercises designed to reinforce concepts covered in BIO 304.

BIO 306 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (4-0-4). Prerequisites: BIO 200, BIO 202, and CHM 331. Discussion of the essential concepts underlying biochemistry. Topics include chemical concepts, structure of biological molecules, catalysis, metabolic regulation, and molecular genetics.

BIO 308 Cell Biology (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 200, BIO 202, and CHM 331. Structure, function, and biogenesis of cellular organelles and the cytoskeleton. Discussions of development at the cellular level, inter- and intra-cellular signaling, and regulation of the cell cycle.

BIO 309 Cell Biology Laboratory (0-2-1). Prerequisite or corequisite: BIO 308. Selected exercises designed to reinforce concepts covered in BIO 308.

BIO 310 Genetics (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 200 and BIO 202, or permission of instructor. Principles of transmission and molecular genetics in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with emphasis on classical and molecular analysis techniques and their interpretation.

BIO 311 Genetics Recitation (0-2-1). Prerequisite or corequisite: BIO 310 or permission of instructor. Problem solving, demonstrations, and special projects with emphasis on databases and Web tools for genetic and bioinformatic analyses.

BIO 380 Biology Content for Middle School Teachers (3-4-5). Enrollment is restricted to students seeking middle school licensure. No credit towards biology major or minor. Biological concepts relevant to students seeking middle school licensure will be discussed and related to timely issues. Lectures will coordinate with laboratory exercises and inquiry-based activities.

BIO 390 Writing in Biology I (2-0-2). Prerequisite: A declared Biology major. This course is designed to develop the writing and oral presentation skills of students through assigned projects and in-class activities. Students will write conceptual (review or theoretical) papers according to a standard format. A substantial written report is one of the requirements. Students must be concurrently enrolled in a 300- or 400-level content-based biology course. Prior to registering for BIO 390, students must obtain a written agreement from the content course instructor indicating willingness to serve as a grader of the required written report. The content course instructor, in consultation with the student, will determine the topic of the written report. Writing.

BIO 391 Writing in Biology II (1-0-1). Prerequisite: BIO 390 and a declared Biology major. Students will write conceptual (review or theoretical) papers according to a standard format and give in-class oral presentations. A substantial written report is one of the requirements. Students must be concurrently enrolled in a 300- or 400-level content-based biology course. Prior to registering for BIO 391 students must obtain a written agreement from the content course instructor indicating willingness to serve as a grader of the required written report. The content course instructor, in consultation with the student, will determine the topic of the written report. May be repeated with change in title of the content course. Writing.

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BIO 400 Orientation for Medical Technology Students (1-0-1). Prerequisite: Admission to the Medical Technology Major. Pre-clinical orientation; general aspects of the hospital training program; concept of the medical technologist as a member of the health-care delivery team; lectures by education coordinators of hospital schools; visits to hospital clinical laboratories.

BIO 401 Urban School Service Learning in Biology (0 - 2 - 1). Prerequisite: Major in Biology and at least two Biology courses at the 300 level. Permission of Biology advisor. A service learning field course that involves assisting science teachers at a designated urban middle or high school for two hours per week. Requires a brief, reflective paper on the experience. May be taken twice for credit.

BIO 410 Theory and Practice of Light Microscopy (3-0-3). Prerequisite: BIO 308. Corequisite: BIO 411. Consideration of diverse theoretical and practical aspects of the light microscope.

BIO 411 Theory and Practice of Light Microscopy Laboratory (0-2-1). Corequisite: BIO 410. Laboratory exercises and projects undertaken outside of scheduled class time provide practical experience with various uses of the light microscope.

BIO 412 Elements of Immunology (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 306 and BIO 308. Nature of antigens, antibody structure and function, B and T cell activation, cytokines, immunoassays, terminology.

BIO 413 Elements of Immunology Laboratory (0-2-1). Prerequisite or corequisite: BIO 412. Immunochemical assays and cell culture techniques. Preparation of single cell suspensions and determination of cell viability. Identification and quantification of antigen-antibody interactions.

BIO 414 Parasitology (2-0-2). Prerequisite: BIO 302. Corequisite: BIO 415. A basic course primarily designed for biology majors who desire an understanding of animal parasitology, including ecology, life histories, host-parasite relationships.

BIO 415 Parasitology Laboratory (0-4-2). Corequisite: BIO 414. Selected exercises designed to reinforce concepts covered in BIO 414.

BIO 416 Microbiology (3-0-3). Prerequisite: BIO 306. Corequisite: BIO 417. Structure, function, and genetics of major groups of microorganisms, with emphasis on bacteria; the role of microbes in the economy of nature and man.

BIO 417 Microbiology Laboratory (0-4-2). Corequisite: BIO 416. The techniques of identification, manipulation, and quantification of microbes.

BIO 418 Histology (3-0-3). Prerequisite: BIO 308. Corequisite: BIO 419. Structure of mammalian cells, tissues, and organs, with emphasis on relationships of structure and function.

BIO 419 Histology Laboratory (0-2-1). Corequisite: BIO 418. Selected exercises designed to reinforce concepts covered in BIO 418.

BIO 420 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (2-0-2). Prerequisite: BIO 302. Corequisite: BIO 421. Comparative study of gross structure and evolutionary development of vertebrate organ systems.

BIO 421 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Laboratory (0-4-2). Corequisite: BIO 420. Detailed dissections of representative vertebrate specimens.

BIO 422 Mammalian Physiology (3-0-3). Prerequisite: BIO 302. Corequisite: BIO 423. Physiology of major organ systems of vertebrates, with an emphasis on mammalian physiology. Students may not take both BIO 422 and BIO 424 for credit.

BIO 423 Mammalian Physiology Laboratory (0-2-1). Corequisite: BIO 422. Exercises that emphasize modern methods of physiological measurement, and the analysis and presentation of physiological data.

BIO 424 Principles of Animal Physiology (3-0-3). Prerequisite: BIO 302. Basic concepts of comparative animal physiology will be developed from fundamental principles of chemistry, biology, and physics. The evolution of major physiological systems will be examined through a comparison of taxa ranging from protists through vertebrates. Students may not take both BIO 422 and BIO 424 for credit.

BIO 425 Principles of Animal Physiology Laboratory (0-2-1). Prerequisite or corequisite: BIO 424. Exercises that emphasize modern methods of physiological measurement, and the analysis and presentation of physiological data.

BIO 426 Neurobiology (3-0-3). Prerequisite: BIO 302 or equivalent. Exploration of the relation of behavior to neural function. Topics include basic neurophysiology and properties of sensory and motor systems illustrated with human and nonhuman examples. Students may not take both BIO 426 and HSC 476 for credit.

BIO 427 Neurobiology Laboratory (0-4-2). Prerequisite or corequisite: BIO 426. Classical invertebrate experiments that provide an introduction to standard neurobiological techniques for studying neural activity including simple dissection, stimulating and recording neural activity, and analyzing data.

BIO 428 Endocrinology (3-0-3). Prerequisite: BIO 308. Introduction to functions of hormones and endocrine glands, including mechanisms controlling hormone secretion; mammalian systems emphasized.

BIO 430 Bioinformatics (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 306 and BIO 310. A course in either statistics or computer science is highly recommended. Introduction to the tools and techniques of bioinformatics, with emphasis on computational techniques to analyze genomic and proteomic data. Topics include searching of databases, sequence alignment and analysis, phylogenetic methods and computer programming to analyze database information. A project using original or internet bioinformatics tools is required.

B10 432 Molecular Genetics (3-0-3). Prerequisite: BIO 308. Principles of modern molecular genetics and gene regulation.

BIO 434 Elements of Pharmacology (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 302 and BIO 306. An analysis of the basic principles of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selected therapeutic agents. Emphasis will be on the experimental basis of drug discovery, design, and clinical use.

BIO 435 Techniques in Molecular Biology (1-6-4). Prerequisite: BIO 308. A lecture/laboratory course in fundamentals of modern biotechnology with emphasis on the techniques and procedures of molecular biology. Students will work together to complete a project.

BIO 436 Evolutionary Genetics (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 304 and BIO 310. An introduction to the modern theory of evolutionary genetics, including development of the concepts of genetic diversity, natural selection, random genetic drift, population substructure, infinite-alleles models, and the neutral theory of molecular evolution.

BIO 438 Advanced Cell and Molecular Biology (3-0-3). Prerequisite: BIO 308. Advanced study of topics in cell and molecular biology. Papers from the primary scientific literature will be read and discussed.

BIO 450 Evolutionary Biology (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 300 or BIO 302, and BIO 304. Advanced lectures on evolution that consider traits, genes, and their interaction with environmental variation. Topics include the basic quantitative methods required to interpret evolutionary change, the consequences of population structure, molecular approaches to phylogenetic studies, and the changes in genetic variation under different models of selection, drift, migration, and mutation.

BIO 452 Marine Ecology (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 300 or BIO 302, and 304, or equivalents. An advanced ecology course that encompasses marine biology, ecological adaptations of organisms to the marine environment, and interspecific interactions. This course will cover marine habitats and the specializations of organisms that live in them.

BIO 453 Field Experience in Ecology and Conservation Biology (1 to 6). Prerequisites: BIO 300 or BIO 302, and BIO 304. This course will examine principles of ecology and conservation biology through field research in a natural setting. Students will participate in research projects emphasizing analyses of biodiversity, population demography, species interactions, or behavior. Following preparatory sessions at Cleveland State University, the class will travel to off-campus field sites for the balance of the course. Living conditions may be primitive in the field and international travel may be required. See semester course schedule and contact the biology office (216-687-2440) for further information.

BIO 454 Ecology (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 300 or BIO 302, and BIO 304. Study of interactions of organisms with their environment, including growth and regulation of populations, communities, energetics of organisms and ecosystems, life-history evolution, and systems ecology.

BIO 455 Ecology Laboratory (0-4-2). Prerequisite or corequisite: BIO 454. Selected exercises designed to reinforce concepts covered in BIO 454. The laboratory includes a few one-day field trips on weekends.

BIO 456 Vertebrate Biology and Evolution (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 302 and BIO 304. Topics cover the biology of vertebrates, with special emphasis on those aspects that relate to the evolutionary history of the group; lectures on the basic mechanism of Darwinian evolution.

BIO 458 Behavior (3-0-3). Prerequisites: BIO 302 and BIO 304. An introduction to, and survey of, animal behavior from an evolutionary perspective.

BIO 460 Vertebrate Embryology (3-0-3). Prerequisite: BIO 308. A comparative study of development in the vertebrates. Emphasis is upon developmental anatomy and evolutionary aspects of the group.

BIO 462 Evolutionary Ecology of Sexual Reproduction (3-0-3). Prerequisite: BIO 300 or BIO 302. Although organisms spend huge amounts of energy carrying out activities related to sexual reproduction, it is by far the most dominant mode of reproduction. This course will explore that dilemma and examine various modes of sexual reproduction in diverse organisms in an evolutionary context.

BIO 464 Developmental Biology (3-0-3). Prerequisite: BIO 308. The fundamental principles of development will be illustrated using classical invertebrate and vertebrate systems. The molecular, genetic, and cellular basis of development will be integrated with classical descriptive and experimental approaches.

BIO 465 Developmental Biology Laboratory (0-2-1). Prerequisite or corequisite: BIO 464. Examination of important mechanisms and concepts operating in developing animal systems. Laboratories will expose students to both classical embryology and modern molecular approaches to experimental developmental biology.

BIO 468 Theories of Aging (3-0-3).<